![]() ![]() ![]() Crucially, the top and bottom devices are of the two complementary types, NMOS and PMOS, that are the foundation of all the logic circuits of the last several decades. We’ve created experimental devices that stack atop each other, delivering logic that is 30 to 50 percent smaller. So where will we turn for future scaling? We will continue to look to the third dimension. But we have to look even further ahead because our ability to scale down even this new transistor architecture, which we call RibbonFET, has its limits. Now, these too have an end date in sight, with a new gate-all-around (GAA) structure rolling into production soon. The “planar” transistor designs that took us through the last half of the 20th century gave way to 3D fin-shaped devices by the first half of the 2010s. Yet year after year, brilliant new innovations continue to propel the semiconductor industry further.Īlong this journey, we engineers had to change the transistor’s architecture as we continued to scale down area and power consumption while boosting performance. And yet, ever since the two of us started our careers at Intel more than 20 years ago, we’ve been hearing the alarms that the descent into the infinitesimal was about to end. Perhaps the most far-reaching technological achievement over the last 50 years has been the steady march toward ever smaller transistors, fitting them more tightly together, and reducing their power consumption. ![]() It did and was really beyond the researchers expectations. The research, which was published in the journal Nano Letters (" A DNA Nanostructure Platform for Directed Assembly of Synthetic Vaccines"), made its first test with the DNA scaffold by placing an immune stimulating protein called streptavidin (STV) and an immune response boosting compound called an adjuvant (CpG oligo-deoxynucletides) to different branches of the DNA structure.Īfter determining that cells would absorb the DNA structure with its synthetic vaccine payload, the researchers waited to see if an immune cascade response would follow. “This provided a great opportunity to try to use these DNA scaffolds to make a synthetic vaccine.” “When Hao treated DNA not as a genetic material, but as a scaffolding material, that made me think of possible applications in immunology,” said Chang, an associate professor in the School of Life Sciences and a researcher in the Biodesign Institute’s Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology in a university press release. Now Yan has joined with Yung Chang, a biodesign immunologist also from ASU, to use three-dimensional DNA structures as a scaffold on which they piggybacked synthetic vaccine complexes to make the delivery of the vaccines safer and more effective. When the DNA scaffolding was combined with “nano islands” made from gold, it enabled the manufacturing of smaller electronic memory devices. About 18 months ago, the nanotech trade press was buzzing with the work of Hongbin Yu and Hao Yan, both from Arizona State University (ASU), when they developed a method that used DNA origami as a scaffold. ![]()
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